What is the primary role of anaphylatoxins in the immune system?

Anaphylatoxins play a crucial role in the immune response, particularly in initiating inflammation. These small peptide fragments, which are generated during the complement activation process, include molecules such as C3a, C4a, and C5a. When released, they bind to specific receptors on various immune cells, such as mast cells and basophils, leading to several inflammatory responses.

The primary functions of anaphylatoxins include the promotion of mast cell degranulation, which results in the release of histamines and other pro-inflammatory mediators. This process enhances vascular permeability, enabling immune cells and proteins to access the site of infection or injury more effectively. Additionally, anaphylatoxins help recruit other immune cells, such as neutrophils, to the site, thereby amplifying the inflammatory response and facilitating the elimination of pathogens.

This cascading effect of initiating inflammation is a vital mechanism through which the immune system responds to threats, ensuring a swift and localized response to potential infections or tissue damage.